1. 概念

副词（adverb，简写adv.）指在句子中表示行为或者状态特征的词，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。在句子中作状语、表语和补足语等成分。

2. 分类

副词根据意义来分，分为以下几类：

时间副词：before，ago，sometimes，yesterday等。

地点副词：here，there，everywhere，anywhere，somewhere等

方式副词：carefully，properly（适当地），anxiously（焦虑地）等

程度副词：enough，extremely（非常），entirely（整个），almost等

频度副词：frequently（频繁），seldom/hardly（很少的），ever，never等

We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.

昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了。

What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?

昨天下午你在教室里干什么?

3. 句法功能

副词的主要功能是在词组中作修饰语和在句中作状语。具体来说，副词能在动词词组、形容词词组、副词词组、介词词组等词组中修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、限定词以及整个名词词组。

（1）修饰动词

We should constantly review our lessons.

我们应该不断地复习功课。

The distinguished guests were warmly received by the host.

贵宾受到主人的热情接待。

They partly agree with her.他们在某种程度上同意她。

以上副词对动词都起到了强调、强化、弱化等修饰作用，它们是动词词组的组成部分，不同于状语。

（2）修饰形容词

She has an unusually beautiful voice.

她有非同寻常的甜美嗓音。

This is a very boring film.

这是一部非常枯燥的电影。

We are not quite sure that we'll be able to finish it in a short time.

我们不十分确信我们能在很短的时间完成。

（3）修饰副词

I can't speak so quickly as she does.

我不能像她说得那么快。

We are going on a little too slowly,I am afraid.

恐怕我们进行得太慢了。

He drives extremely carefully.

他驾车极其小心。

（4）修饰介词和连词

There is the desk,right in front of you.

有一张桌子正好在你面前。

I can't reach it;it is well over my head.

我够不着，它在我的头上。

（5）修饰限定语

They recovered roughly half their equipment.

他们恢复了大约一半的设备。

He didn't have more than a dollar on him.

他身上有不到一美元钱。

Virtually all the members attend the evening school.

实际上，所有的成员都参加了夜校。

（6）修饰名词和整个名词词组

在非正式语体中，quite, rather等少数几个程度副词能修饰整个名词词组。

She is rather a fool.

她相当傻。

It's quite some time since we wrote to each other.

我们相互写信已有相当一段时间了。

That's quite a joke.

那完全是一个玩笑。

副词的比较级与最高级

同形容词一样，副词比较级和最高级分为规则变化和不规则变化。

（1）规则变化

① 一般，直接在副词词尾加-er或-est

hard-harder-hardest soon-sooner-soonest

② 以-e结尾的词，在副词词尾加-r或-st。

late-later-latest

③ 重读闭音节词且词尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-est。

big-bigger-biggest

④ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节副词，先变y为i,再加-er或-est。

happy-happier-happiest easy-easier-easiest heavy-heavier-heaviest

⑤ 多音节和部分双音节副词，在词前加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级。

carefully-more carefully-most carefully clearly-more clearly-most clearly

wisely-more wisely-most wisely early-earlier-earliest

（7）不规则变化

1. 副词比较级和最高级的用法

副词比较级的用法与形容词比较级的用法相似，在此不做过多赘述，请参照形容词的用法。

She goes to work earlier than the others.

她比其他人上班早。

She played her part more successfully than we had thought she would.

她扮演角色比我们想象的要成功得多。

I can throw the ball farther than you can.

我扔球比你远。

注意：

副词最高级，副词前可以不加the(加the也可以), 其余与形容词最高级相同。

They competed to see who could work(the)fastest.他们比赛，看谁工作得最快。

He swims(the)best in Class One.一班里他游泳最好。